Club Car Precedent vs DS: Which Golf Cart Wins?


Club Car Precedent vs DS: Which Golf Cart Wins?

The comparison between two distinct models of electric golf carts manufactured by Club Car, a leading name in the personal transportation vehicle industry, involves analyzing their design, features, and overall performance. One model, produced until the early 2000s, contrasts with a later generation, marking a significant evolution in engineering and aesthetics.

Understanding the distinctions between these models is crucial for prospective buyers, repair technicians, and golf course fleet managers. The older design established a reliable platform, while the newer version incorporated advancements in suspension, ergonomics, and electrical systems, resulting in enhanced ride comfort and operational efficiency. The differences reflect the changing demands of users and technological progress over time.

This analysis will delve into specific areas of differentiation, including frame construction, motor technology, controller functionality, body styling, and available options. This comparative examination will provide a detailed understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each model, enabling informed decision-making.

1. Frame

The narrative of Club Car’s evolution is etched in the very skeletons of their vehicles: the frames. The transition from steel to aluminum wasn’t merely a material swap; it was a pivotal chapter in the story of engineering progress. The older model, built upon a steel frame, carried a legacy of robust durability, a characteristic born from the inherent strength of steel. However, this strength came at a cost: weight and susceptibility to corrosion. Imagine a golf course near the coast, the salt air relentlessly attacking the undercarriage of the steel-framed carts, silently weakening them over time. This real-world scenario underscored the need for a more resilient solution. This is not a matter of right or wrong, it’s a mater of cost vs need of the user and manufacturer.

The introduction of the aluminum frame marked a strategic shift. Aluminum, inherently lighter than steel, offered immediate advantages in terms of vehicle weight. This reduction translated directly into improved energy efficiency, allowing the newer models to travel farther on a single charge. More crucially, aluminum’s resistance to corrosion addressed the longevity concerns that plagued the steel frames, especially in coastal environments. Fleet managers who once faced recurring repair costs due to rust now benefited from a more durable investment. Furthermore, the reduced weight contributed to enhanced handling and maneuverability. This could be related to the fact of transporting the product to further destinations. A lighter metal equals less money to spend on moving the products from factory to retailer.

The frame material, therefore, serves as a microcosm of the broader design philosophies underpinning each model. The choice of steel represented a commitment to traditional strength, while the adoption of aluminum signaled a move toward enhanced efficiency, durability, and long-term value. Understanding this fundamental difference provides a crucial lens through which to evaluate the overall merits of each vehicle, ensuring a choice aligned with specific operational demands and environmental factors. What is more important to the end user, the cost to manufacture or the cost to maintain?

2. Suspension System

The journey from the older model to the newer design is profoundly marked by advancements in the suspension system. What was once a straightforward setup evolved into a more sophisticated mechanism, fundamentally altering the driving experience and operational capabilities of these vehicles. The suspension system, unseen beneath the chassis, plays a crucial role in ride quality, stability, and overall vehicle handling, differentiating these two generations.

  • Leaf Springs vs. Independent Suspension

    The older model traditionally relied on leaf springs, a robust but rudimentary system. This design, while durable and capable of handling heavy loads, often resulted in a stiffer, less forgiving ride. Each bump and undulation was directly transmitted to the occupants, making for a less comfortable journey. The newer iteration embraced independent suspension, a configuration where each wheel reacts independently to road imperfections. This dramatically improved ride quality, absorbing bumps and minimizing vibrations, offering a smoother and more controlled experience, especially on uneven terrain. It might seem irrelevant, but a smooth ride could have an impact on the game of golf by keeping the player calmer.

  • Impact on Handling and Stability

    Beyond comfort, the suspension system directly impacts handling and stability. The leaf spring setup in the older model, while stable on flat surfaces, could become unpredictable during sharp turns or uneven terrain. The newer independent suspension, however, offered superior stability and control. Each wheel could maintain better contact with the ground, providing enhanced traction and reducing the risk of tipping or losing control. This translates to a safer and more confident driving experience, particularly important for inexperienced operators or on courses with challenging topography. This is where the safety for the operator would take precedence on this choice.

  • Maintenance and Durability Considerations

    The choice of suspension system also carries implications for maintenance and durability. Leaf springs, with their simpler design, tend to be more robust and require less frequent maintenance. However, over time, they can sag and lose their effectiveness, necessitating replacement. Independent suspension, while offering superior performance, is inherently more complex and may require more specialized maintenance. Components such as shocks, struts, and bushings can wear out over time, potentially leading to higher repair costs. Therefore, the decision hinges on a balance between initial performance benefits and long-term maintenance considerations, depending on the intensity of usage and available maintenance resources. The independent suspension may be the more expensive to maintain.

The evolution of the suspension system underscores a fundamental shift in design priorities. The older model prioritized ruggedness and simplicity, while the newer design emphasized comfort, handling, and overall driving experience. Understanding these contrasting philosophies enables informed choices, ensuring the selection of a vehicle that aligns with specific needs and operational environments. The evolution in suspension system between these club car models demonstrates a notable advancement in the overall user experience.

3. Body Style

The outward appearance of these golf cars speaks volumes about their respective eras and design philosophies. The older models, with their squared-off lines and utilitarian aesthetic, projected an image of straightforward functionality. The body style prioritized practicality, emphasizing durability and ease of repair. Imagine a fleet manager overseeing a large golf course, where vehicles are subjected to constant use and occasional bumps and scrapes. The simpler, more robust body panels of the older cars offered a degree of resilience, minimizing downtime and repair costs. The emphasis was on keeping the vehicles operational, not necessarily on turning heads.

The newer models, in contrast, embraced a more contemporary and refined body style. Streamlined contours, sculpted panels, and integrated lighting created a sleeker, more sophisticated look. This aesthetic upgrade reflected a shift towards appealing to a broader range of users, including those who valued style and comfort as much as functionality. Consider a high-end resort, where appearance is paramount. The newer models, with their modern designs, seamlessly integrated into the upscale environment, enhancing the overall guest experience. Furthermore, the newer body styles often incorporated improved ergonomics, such as more comfortable seating and optimized control placement, further elevating the user experience.

The evolution in body style represents more than just a superficial change. It reflects a fundamental shift in the intended audience and the overall purpose of these vehicles. The older design catered to a market that prioritized durability and practicality above all else. The newer design sought to broaden its appeal by offering a blend of functionality, style, and comfort. This shift underscores the importance of considering the body style as a key differentiator, ensuring that the selected vehicle aligns with specific aesthetic preferences and operational requirements. The aesthetic advancements in the later models catered to a demand that expanded beyond purely functional utility.

4. Motor Power

The heart of any electric vehicle, the motor, dictates much of its performance characteristics. Comparing motor power between two generations reveals significant differences in capabilities and intended applications. The older models, with their reliance on a particular type of motor, contrast sharply with the enhanced performance offered by the newer designs, impacting everything from acceleration to hill-climbing ability.

  • Horsepower and Torque: A Tale of Two Eras

    The older cars often employed a motor configuration that prioritized reliable, consistent power delivery over outright performance. Horsepower figures were modest, but the emphasis was on providing sufficient torque for navigating gently undulating terrain and carrying passengers. One might picture a fleet of these vehicles dutifully traversing a relatively flat golf course, efficiently transporting players from tee to tee. The newer generation, however, witnessed an increase in both horsepower and torque. This enhancement translated directly into improved acceleration and the ability to tackle steeper inclines. Imagine these carts effortlessly ascending a particularly challenging hill on a more mountainous course, showcasing their superior power capabilities.

  • Voltage and Amperage: The Electrical Backbone

    Differences in motor power are often linked to variations in voltage and amperage. The older models typically operated on a lower voltage system, which, while simpler and potentially more cost-effective, limited the overall power output. Amperage levels were correspondingly lower, impacting the vehicle’s ability to sustain high-power demands over extended periods. The newer designs often incorporated higher voltage systems, enabling a significant boost in both horsepower and torque. This allowed for greater amperage draw, providing the necessary electrical backbone for enhanced performance. This transition reflects a move towards more sophisticated and powerful electrical architectures.

  • Efficiency and Range: The Energy Equation

    Motor power directly influences efficiency and range. The older, less powerful motors often boasted respectable range figures due to their lower energy consumption. However, this came at the expense of performance. The newer, more powerful motors, while capable of delivering superior performance, required more energy to operate. This could potentially reduce the vehicle’s overall range, unless paired with advancements in battery technology. The interplay between motor power, efficiency, and range represents a critical design consideration, requiring a careful balancing act to meet both performance and operational needs.

  • Motor Type: Series vs. Separately Excited

    Many of the older models use a series wound motor, while a separately excited motor is found in later models. Series wound motors produce high torque at low speeds, which gives the vehicle a strong acceleration from a standstill. The higher speed range makes them suited to applications that require frequent stops and starts. Separately excited motors offer more precise control over torque and speed, giving smoother acceleration and more efficient energy use, especially at different speeds. This level of motor is suited to variable terrains, and can optimize battery use.

The disparities in motor power between the older and newer models represent a fundamental shift in design priorities. The older design emphasized reliability and efficiency, while the newer design prioritized performance and enhanced capabilities. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the appropriate vehicle for specific operational needs and terrain conditions. The evolution of the motor encapsulates a broader trend towards greater power and versatility in personal transportation vehicles.

5. Controller Technology

The unassuming controller, often hidden from view, serves as the brain of an electric vehicle. In the context of comparing two Club Car models, this component’s evolution marks a significant divergence in operational capabilities and overall efficiency. The story of controller technology within these vehicles is a tale of progress, reflecting advancements in microelectronics and software engineering.

  • Voltage Regulation and Power Management

    Early models relied on simpler controllers, often employing basic voltage regulation techniques. These controllers, while functional, lacked the precision to optimize power delivery across varying terrains and load conditions. Imagine a scenario where an older cart, struggling to climb a steep hill, experiences a noticeable drop in speed due to inefficient voltage regulation. The newer models, equipped with more sophisticated controllers, incorporate advanced power management algorithms. These algorithms dynamically adjust voltage and current, ensuring consistent power delivery and maximizing battery life. This translates to improved performance and extended range, particularly in demanding environments.

  • Regenerative Braking Capabilities

    One of the most impactful advancements in controller technology is the introduction of regenerative braking. The older models typically lacked this feature, dissipating braking energy as heat. This not only wasted energy but also contributed to brake wear. The newer controllers, however, harness the power of regenerative braking, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy during deceleration. This energy is then stored in the batteries, effectively increasing the vehicle’s range and reducing brake wear. The integration of regenerative braking represents a significant step towards greater energy efficiency and sustainability.

  • Programming and Customization

    The earlier controllers were relatively limited in terms of programming and customization. Adjustments to performance parameters, such as maximum speed or acceleration, were often difficult or impossible to make. The newer controllers offer a far greater degree of flexibility. They can be programmed and customized to suit specific operational needs and user preferences. This allows fleet managers, for example, to optimize vehicle performance for different terrain conditions or to limit maximum speed for safety reasons. This level of control empowers users to tailor the vehicle’s performance to their unique requirements.

  • Diagnostic and Safety Features

    Beyond performance enhancements, controller technology has also played a crucial role in improving diagnostic and safety features. The older models often lacked sophisticated diagnostic capabilities, making it difficult to troubleshoot problems. The newer controllers incorporate advanced diagnostic tools that can identify and report potential issues, simplifying maintenance and reducing downtime. Furthermore, these controllers often include safety features such as over-voltage protection, over-current protection, and thermal protection, safeguarding both the vehicle and its occupants. These diagnostic and safety enhancements contribute to a more reliable and secure operating experience.

The progression of controller technology encapsulates a broader trend towards greater intelligence and efficiency in electric vehicles. The shift from basic voltage regulation to advanced power management, regenerative braking, programmable parameters, and enhanced diagnostics represents a quantum leap in performance, safety, and overall user experience. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for appreciating the relative merits of each model, ensuring a choice aligned with specific operational demands and expectations.

6. Seating Comfort

Seating comfort, often an overlooked aspect, plays a pivotal role in the overall user experience when distinguishing between two vehicle models. It isn’t merely about providing a place to sit; it’s about fostering a sense of well-being and minimizing fatigue during operation. The story of seating comfort evolution directly intertwines with the broader design philosophies guiding each generation.

  • Material Composition and Durability

    The older models often featured seats constructed from simpler, more durable materials, designed to withstand years of use and exposure to the elements. Imagine a seat, sun-baked and weathered, yet still functional after countless rounds of golf. The newer seats incorporate more advanced materials, often featuring improved UV resistance, enhanced cushioning, and more sophisticated stitching patterns. These materials not only enhance comfort but also contribute to a more premium aesthetic. The durability of the materials used tells a story of long-lasting resilience for different levels of luxury.

  • Ergonomic Design and Support

    The ergonomic design of the seating is crucial to minimizing fatigue and maximizing comfort during prolonged use. Older models often featured flatter, less contoured seats, providing minimal lumbar support. The newer models, however, boast ergonomically designed seats that cradle the body and provide targeted support in key areas. The newer seating arrangement offers better support. Imagine sitting in one seat while driving, and you feel every bump in the road, and try to sit for hours. Then sit in a seat where it feels like the seat conforms to your body. The difference is noticeable.

  • Adjustability and Customization Options

    Adjustability is a key factor in achieving optimal seating comfort. The older models often offered limited adjustability, typically restricted to fore-and-aft movement. The newer seats incorporate a wider range of adjustability options, including adjustable lumbar support, headrests, and armrests. This allows users to customize the seating position to their individual preferences, further enhancing comfort. The addition of customization options means that more options are available to the operator. In a fleet, a small operator may not want a lot of options, so they may choose the older version.

  • Impact on User Experience

    Seating comfort directly impacts the overall user experience. A comfortable seat can reduce fatigue, improve focus, and enhance the enjoyment of the driving experience. Conversely, an uncomfortable seat can lead to distractions, discomfort, and decreased performance. The evolution in seating comfort between two models highlights a growing emphasis on user-centric design, reflecting a commitment to providing a more enjoyable and productive operating experience. It is up to the driver to be in a comfortable position while driving for work and recreation.

The contrasts in seating comfort encapsulate a broader narrative of design evolution, reflecting a shift from prioritizing basic functionality to emphasizing user well-being and overall enjoyment. Considering the seating comfort options, material, and design can guide one in making an informed decision about which to use. The enhancements in the newer models represent a conscious effort to elevate the user experience, transforming them from mere transportation devices into more comfortable and enjoyable vehicles. They have to weigh out which models are better for the course.

7. Dashboard Design

The dashboard, a seemingly simple interface, serves as a critical bridge between operator and machine. Considering two distinct Club Car models, its design reveals a compelling narrative of evolving priorities and technological advancement. The older design, often characterized by a utilitarian approach, presented essential information with minimal flourish. Gauges displayed speed and battery level, but offered little beyond these basics. Imagine a groundskeeper, focused on efficiency, glancing at the simple dials to ensure adequate charge for completing a task. Functionality reigned supreme, aesthetic considerations secondary.

The newer model, however, presents a stark contrast. The dashboard is no longer merely a functional display; it’s an integrated command center. Digital displays offer a wealth of information, from precise battery life readings to diagnostic codes. Ergonomic considerations are paramount, with controls intuitively placed for ease of access. Consider a course marshal, responsible for maintaining pace of play, utilizing the digital display to monitor performance metrics and troubleshoot potential issues. The dashboard has become a tool for optimizing operations, enhancing safety, and improving the overall user experience. Further, cup holders, improved storage, and often a small cubby enhance the newer designs.

The transformation of the dashboard, from a basic instrument panel to a sophisticated control center, underscores a fundamental shift in design philosophy. It reflects a broader trend towards incorporating technology to enhance performance, improve efficiency, and elevate the user experience. Understanding the dashboard design differences provides insight into the intended use cases of each model, enabling informed decisions aligned with specific operational needs. This evolution showcases a commitment to adapting to the changing needs and expectations of operators, transforming a simple interface into a key element of vehicle functionality and user satisfaction.

8. Available Accessories

The tale of available accessories, when viewed through the lens of two Club Car models, unfolds as a chronicle of evolving needs and design philosophies. Each generation, distinguished by its core design, offered a unique palette of customization options, reflecting the intended application and target user. Understanding these accessory ecosystems provides insight into the strategic positioning of each model and its anticipated operational context.

  • Weather Protection: Enclosures and Covers

    The older models, often deployed in utilitarian settings, offered a range of weather protection accessories designed for practicality. Simple canvas enclosures and vinyl covers prioritized shielding occupants from the elements, reflecting a focus on functionality over aesthetics. Imagine a grounds crew, braving inclement weather to maintain a golf course, relying on these basic enclosures for protection. The newer generation, targeting a broader market, featured more sophisticated weather protection options, including hard enclosures with integrated windows and doors. These accessories provided enhanced comfort and a more refined appearance, aligning with the upscale image sought by resorts and private owners. This showcases that there is a focus on comfort, not just utility.

  • Performance Enhancements: Lift Kits and Tires

    Performance-enhancing accessories tell a tale of intended application. The older models, prioritizing stability and efficiency, offered limited options in this category. The focus remained on maintaining stock performance characteristics. The newer models, however, embraced a wider range of performance accessories, including lift kits for increased ground clearance and specialized tires for improved traction on varied terrain. This reflected a shift towards appealing to users seeking enhanced off-road capabilities or a more customized driving experience. The lift kits also showcase that there is a need to work on varying terrain. Some may need their golf carts to have more ground clearance.

  • Comfort and Convenience: Seating Upgrades and Storage Solutions

    The nuances of comfort and convenience accessories further highlight the divergent design paths. While both models offered basic seating upgrades, the sophistication differed considerably. The older models might have provided simple seat covers or replacement cushions. The newer models featured premium seating options with enhanced cushioning, ergonomic designs, and integrated armrests. Similarly, storage solutions evolved from simple baskets to lockable compartments, reflecting a growing emphasis on security and convenience. Comfort is key. In order to stay focused, the driver must be in a positive environment. This means a comfortable seat and easy access to the items needed.

  • Aesthetic Customization: Colors and Trims

    Aesthetic customization options offer a glimpse into the target user’s preferences. The older models often provided a limited color palette, focusing on practical, durable finishes. The newer models embraced a broader range of colors, trims, and accents, allowing for greater personalization and stylistic expression. This reflected a shift towards appealing to users who valued aesthetics and sought to create a vehicle that reflected their individual style. There is a change in design philosophy by focusing on the driver’s expression.

The available accessories, therefore, serve as a powerful lens through which to understand the intended purpose and target market of each model. The older models, with their focus on practicality and durability, offered accessories designed to enhance functionality and extend lifespan. The newer models, embracing style, comfort, and performance, provided a broader range of customization options catering to a more diverse audience. Understanding these accessory ecosystems provides invaluable insight into the distinct identities of these two Club Car models, enabling informed choices aligned with specific operational needs and personal preferences. The accessories help to tell the story of each.

Frequently Asked Questions

The domain of electric golf carts often presents a maze of questions for prospective buyers and seasoned owners alike. In the quest to discern differences, recurring inquiries surface, warranting careful examination. This section addresses common points of confusion surrounding two distinct models.

Question 1: Can the older model’s steel frame withstand rigorous conditions better than the newer model’s aluminum frame?

The steel frame, a hallmark of early production, possessed inherent strength, capable of enduring significant impact. However, time and environmental exposure often led to corrosion, compromising its integrity. The aluminum frame, introduced in later models, offered superior corrosion resistance and a lighter weight profile. While potentially less resistant to direct impact than steel, the aluminum frame’s longevity and resistance to rust often proved more advantageous in the long run. The question is not necessarily which is stronger, but which lasts longer in particular conditions.

Question 2: Is the independent suspension in the newer model a significant upgrade over the leaf spring suspension in the older model?

The leaf spring suspension, a staple of older designs, provided adequate support on even surfaces. However, its rigid nature often translated to a less comfortable ride on uneven terrain. The independent suspension, a hallmark of the newer design, offered improved shock absorption and a smoother ride, particularly noticeable on bumpy courses. The upgrade is significant, enhancing both comfort and control, particularly in challenging environments, leading to less jostling while attempting to enjoy a leisurely round.

Question 3: Does the older model’s simpler body style offer any advantages over the newer model’s streamlined design?

The older model’s squared-off body style, while less aesthetically pleasing, often proved more resilient to minor impacts and scratches. Its simpler construction also facilitated easier and more affordable repairs. The newer model’s streamlined design, while visually appealing, could be more susceptible to damage and potentially more costly to repair. The trade-off lies between aesthetic appeal and practical resilience, a balance each owner must consider.

Question 4: How does the motor power in the older model compare to the newer model in terms of hill-climbing ability?

The older model’s motor, while reliable, often lacked the torque necessary to conquer steep inclines with ease. It might ascend a hill, but at a reduced speed, straining under the load. The newer model, equipped with a more powerful motor, demonstrated superior hill-climbing ability, maintaining speed and efficiency even on challenging gradients. The difference is palpable, particularly on courses with significant elevation changes, transforming a struggle into a smooth ascent.

Question 5: Does the controller technology in the newer model offer any tangible benefits for battery life?

The older controllers, while functional, lacked the sophistication to optimize energy consumption. The newer controllers, incorporating regenerative braking and advanced power management algorithms, significantly extended battery life. Regenerative braking captured energy during deceleration, feeding it back into the batteries, while power management algorithms dynamically adjusted voltage and current, maximizing efficiency. The result is a noticeable increase in range, allowing for longer operation between charges, a welcome benefit for both casual users and fleet managers.

Question 6: Are the accessories available for the newer model significantly more expensive than those for the older model?

The accessories for the newer models, often featuring more advanced materials and sophisticated designs, generally command a higher price point. Hard enclosures with integrated windows, premium seating options, and high-performance tires all contribute to a higher overall cost. The trade-off lies between affordability and enhanced functionality, a decision each owner must carefully weigh based on budget and desired features.

In navigating the comparative landscape, these FAQs offer insight into pivotal aspects distinguishing these models. The nuanced differences extend beyond mere specifications, influencing usability and long-term satisfaction.

The subsequent section delves into specific applications, highlighting scenarios where one model may prove more advantageous than the other.

Navigating the Choice

The decision hinges not solely on specifications, but on anticipating future needs, weaving them into the fabric of daily operations. It’s about seeing beyond the showroom gleam, envisioning the long road ahead.

Tip 1: Consider the Terrain. Rolling hills demand different capabilities than flat fairways. The newer model, with its enhanced motor and suspension, conquers inclines, while the older design suits flatter landscapes. Let the terrain dictate the choice.

Tip 2: Weigh the Weather. Coastal climates breed corrosion. The aluminum frame of the newer model resists the salt’s insidious touch, while the steel frame of the older design requires vigilant maintenance. Anticipate the elements, choose accordingly.

Tip 3: Assess the Fleet’s Use. Frequent heavy loads strain the frame. The older design, though prone to rust, offers raw strength. If durability outweighs longevity, the older model might be the steed to consider.

Tip 4: Project Future Maintenance Costs. Sophistication demands a price. The newer model, with its advanced suspension and electronics, may incur higher repair bills. Factor in the long game, plan for the inevitable.

Tip 5: Evaluate Operator Comfort. Extended shifts require ergonomic design. The newer model’s enhanced seating and intuitive controls minimize fatigue, boosting productivity. A comfortable operator is an efficient operator. This can be the key to a successful operation.

Tip 6: Envision Accessory Needs. Customization tailors to specific tasks. The newer model’s wider range of accessories enables adaptation to diverse roles. Determine your needs, choose the canvas that allows the art.

Tip 7: Never Neglect Test Drives. Numbers on paper pale beside the feel of the machine. Conduct thorough test drives, assessing handling, comfort, and power delivery. Experience trumps speculation; trust your senses.

These tips offer more than mere guidance; they serve as lenses through which to examine the decision. Let them guide the decision.

With a clearer understanding of needs and capabilities, the path towards informed decision-making becomes evident.

club car precedent vs ds

The journey through the landscape of “club car precedent vs ds” reveals more than just a comparison of specifications; it uncovers a story of evolving engineering philosophies and shifting priorities. The rugged simplicity of the older design speaks of a time when durability and function reigned supreme, while the sleek sophistication of the newer model reflects a growing emphasis on comfort, performance, and user experience. The choice between them is not a question of one being inherently superior, but rather of aligning specific needs with inherent capabilities. Each model carries its own legacy, etched in steel or aluminum, sprung with leaves or independent suspension, powered by motors of differing might.

Ultimately, the decision rests on a clear-eyed assessment of terrain, weather, workload, and budget. Let the intended application be the compass, guiding toward the model that best complements operational realities. For it is in the careful matching of machine to task that true value emerges. One can choose to embrace the enduring strength of a bygone era, or stride forth into a future shaped by comfort and control. The choice is personal, guided by needs. The selection is to shape the future and honor the past of two worlds.